Who Is the Current Head of the House of Representatives

Presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives

Speaker of the The states House of Representatives
Seal of the speaker
Flag of the speaker
Incumbent Nancy Pelosi since Jan iii, 2019
United States House of Representatives
Style	Madam Speaker (informal) The Honorable (formal)
Condition	Presiding officer
Seat	United states Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Nominator	Major parties (ordinarily)
Appointer	House of Representatives
Term length	At the House'south pleasure; elected at the start of the new Congress by a majority of the representatives-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.[1]
Constituting instrument	U.s.a. Constitution
Formation	March 4, 1789; 232 years ago  (1789-03-04)
Outset holder	Frederick Muhlenberg April 1, 1789
Succession	Second (3 U.South.C. § 19)[2]
Deputy	Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives (Democratic Political party usage only)
Salary	$223,500 annually[3]
Website	speaker.gov

The speaker of the The states Business firm of Representatives, usually known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and is simultaneously the Business firm's presiding officer, de facto leader of the trunk's majority party, and the institution's authoritative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker ordinarily does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.

The Constitution does non require the speaker to be an incumbent fellow member of the Business firm of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4] The speaker is second in the United states of america presidential line of succession, afterward the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate.^[2]

The current House speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a fourth (2nd consecutive) term as speaker on Jan 3, 2021, the first solar day of the 117th Congress. She has led the Autonomous Party in the House since 2003, and is the first adult female to serve as speaker.^[5]

Pick [edit]

The Business firm elects its speaker at the beginning of a new Congress (i.due east. biennially, after a general election) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers by roll call vote.^[half-dozen] Traditionally, each party'due south caucus or conference selects a candidate for the speakership from amidst its senior leaders prior to the coil telephone call. Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated past their party, merely by and large do, equally the issue of the election effectively determines which party has the bulk and consequently will organize the House.^[7] As the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a fellow member of the House at the time, and not-members have received a few votes in diverse speaker elections over the past several years.^[8] Every person elected speaker, however, has been a fellow member.^[7]

Representatives who choose to vote for someone other than their political party'due south nominated candidate unremarkably vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other political party'south candidate would face serious consequences, as was the case when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.^[9]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast. If no candidate wins a majority, the coil call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[7] Multiple roll calls take been necessary only 14 times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and not since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided House needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[i] Upon winning election the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the United States Firm of Representatives, the bedroom'due south longest-serving member.^{[ten] [xi]}

History [edit]

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence every bit speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The start speaker of the Firm, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to role on Apr one, 1789, the day the House organized itself at the start of the 1st Congress. He served two non-consecutive terms in the speaker's chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (3rd Congress).^[12]

Every bit the Constitution does not state the duties of the speaker, the speaker's role has largely been shaped by traditions and community that evolved over fourth dimension. Scholars are divided as to whether early speakers played largely formalism and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors.^[13]

From early in its existence, the speaker's primary function had been to keep social club and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with power over the legislative process nether Henry Dirt (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[14] [fifteen]} In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the declaration of the War of 1812, and diverse laws relating to Clay's "American Organisation" economic plan. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral Higher majority in the 1824 presidential election, causing the president to be elected by the Business firm, Speaker Clay threw his back up to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay's retirement in 1825, the power of the speakership once again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil State of war approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, frequently making it difficult for whatever candidate to attain a bulk. In 1855 and once more in 1859, for instance, the contest for speaker lasted for 2 months before the House achieved a result. Speakers tended to accept very short tenures during this period. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven speakers, merely i of whom served for more one term. To appointment, James M. Polk is the simply speaker of the House who was later elected president of the Us.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful i. At the time, one of the well-nigh important sources of the speaker's ability was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880, became one of the most powerful continuing committees of the House. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Well-baked, and Republicans James Thou. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The power of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", equally he was called by his opponents,^[xvi] sought to end the obstacle of bills past the minority, in item past countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".^[17] By refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would non exist achieved and that the event would exist invalid. Reed, nonetheless, declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would yet count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not cake the Republican calendar.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised boggling control over the legislative process. He determined the agenda of the Business firm, appointed the members of all committees, chose committee chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which committee heard each bill. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed past the House. In 1910, withal, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Commission.^[18] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, just not all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

One of the well-nigh influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[19] Rayburn had the most cumulative fourth dimension as speaker in history, belongings office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn's successor, Democrat John Due west. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership in one case again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Commission on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, every bit it had been since 1910. Instead, it once over again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the authorisation to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was curtailed, further increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker considering of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures. Republicans fabricated O'Neill the target of their ballot campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the Firm with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded past Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Pecker Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to take prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a conclave revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost Firm seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did non stand for a 3rd term equally speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been called as a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary speakers, existence overshadowed by Firm Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but fabricated small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the commencement times since 1953–1955 that there was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51–49 majority.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the Firm. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the outset woman to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama every bit president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the first speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during unmarried-political party Democratic leadership in Washington.^[20] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned confronting the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Burn down Pelosi" omnibus tour^[21] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January 5, 2011, and was subsequently re-elected twice, at the showtime of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in office was threatened by the defection of several members from his ain party who chose not to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner's tenure as speaker, which ended when he resigned from Congress in October 2015, was marked past multiple battles with the conservatives in his own party related to "Obama Care," appropriations, among other political problems.^[25] This intra-party discord continued under Boehner'due south successor, Paul Ryan.

Following the 2022 midterm elections which saw the election of a Autonomous Party majority in the Firm of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her equally speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Autonomous Party in the Business firm of Representatives and served as House minority leader for viii years before she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In addition to being the first woman to hold the role, Pelosi became the first speaker to return to power since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections [edit]

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address. President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his oral communication with the words, "Tonight, I accept a loftier privilege and singled-out honor of my own — equally the start president to begin the State of the Union bulletin with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, in that location have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the contest of 1839. In that example, even though the 26th United States Congress convened on Dec 2, the Business firm could not begin the speakership ballot until December 14 considering of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". 2 rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Bailiwick of jersey government. The problem was compounded past the fact that the issue of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership ballot with the opposite political party's delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a speaker was finally chosen on Dec 17.

Another, more than prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The sometime Whig Party had collapsed but no unmarried political party had emerged to supersede it. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering multifariousness of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Nothing), and just "Opposition". Past the time Congress actually met in Dec 1855, most of the northerners were full-bodied together as Republicans, while near of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Cypher characterization. Opponents of the Democrats held a bulk in House, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives being 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as speaker, but because of exclusive distrust, the various oppositionists were unable to concur on a single candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Cypher but was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and then Henry G. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for nearly ii months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The Firm institute itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once once more the Firm was unable to elect a speaker. After Democrats centrolineal with southern oppositionists to about elect the Northward Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on February one, 1860.^[29]

The concluding time that an election for speaker went across one ballot was in December 1923 at the start of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed nine ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to support Gillett in the first viii ballots. Simply later on winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested Business firm rules changes would be considered) did they hold to support him.^{[30] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. Even so, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for speaker, which could have led to Democrats forth with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (and then minority leader) as speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not represent re-election. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership bureaucracy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom Delay chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Commission, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. It was and so revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Neb Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by Firm Democratic leader Gephardt. Afterward, the principal deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On Nov 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was and then minority leader, was selected as speaker-designate past House Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on Jan 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker by a vote of 233–202, becoming the get-go woman elected speaker of the House.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Virtually recent election for speaker (2021) [edit]

The most recent election for Business firm speaker took identify January iii, 2021, on the opening day of the 117th United States Congress, ii months afterwards the 2022 Business firm elections in which the Democrats won a majority of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes cast and was elected to a fourth (second sequent) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy'due south 209 votes, with 2 votes going to other persons; also, three representatives answered present when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan role [edit]

Paul Ryan taking the oath of function upon becoming speaker on October 29, 2015

The Constitution does not spell out the political part of the speaker. As the office has adult historically, still, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of nearly Westminster-style legislatures, such as the speaker of the United Kingdom'south Business firm of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the Usa, by tradition, is the head of the majority political party in the House of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. However, despite having the right to vote, the speaker ordinarily does not participate in debate.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may apply their power to determine when each beak reaches the floor. They likewise chair the majority party'south steering committee in the Firm. While the speaker is the functioning caput of the House majority political party, the same is non true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose role is primarily formalism and honorary.

When the speaker and the president belong to the aforementioned party, the speaker tends to play the office in a more ceremonial light, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained role during the presidency of fellow Republican George Westward. Bush. Yet, when the speaker and the president belong to the aforementioned party, in that location are likewise times that the speaker plays a much larger function, and the speaker is tasked, e.g., with pushing through the agenda of the bulk party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can exist seen, most of all, in the speakership of Autonomous-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a primal actor in the passing of New Bargain legislation under the presidency of young man Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (under Theodore Roosevelt) was especially infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a office in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other hand, when the speaker and the president belong to contrary parties, the public role and influence of the speaker tend to increase. Equally the highest-ranking member of the opposition party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the president'due south agenda. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president'south calendar by blocking measures by the minority political party or rejecting bills by the Senate. One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (under Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Old Guard" wing of the Republican Party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than than only marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Political party.

More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economic and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a biting battle with President Nib Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George West. Bush-league over the Iraq War;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care;^[36] and once again, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to support Donald Trump over funding for a border wall.^[37]

Presiding officer [edit]

Equally presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the speaker holds a diverseness of powers over the Firm and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US authorities.^[38] The speaker may consul their powers to a member of the House to act as speaker pro tempore and to preside over the House in the speaker'south absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the aforementioned party.^[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is unremarkably a senior member of the majority party who may exist called for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Under the rules of the House, the speaker, "as soon as practicable after the election of the speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must evangelize to the clerk of the House a confidential listing of members who are designated to act as speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical disability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[40]

On the floor of the House, the presiding officer is always addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", even if that person is serving as speaker pro tempore. When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a member to preside over the commission, who is addressed equally "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officer'southward recognition. The presiding officer also rules on all points of order only such rulings may be appealed to the whole Firm. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.

The speaker's powers and duties extend across presiding in the chamber. In particular, the speaker has great influence over the commission process. The speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, bailiwick to the approval of the entire majority political party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining 4 members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a neb is introduced, the speaker determines which committee volition consider it. As a member of the Business firm, the speaker is entitled to participate in fence and to vote. Normally, the speaker votes just when the speaker'southward vote would be decisive or on matters of dandy importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.^[41] Under the early rules of the House, the speaker was generally barred from voting, but today the speaker has the same right as other members to vote only only occasionally exercises it. The speaker may vote on any matter that comes earlier the House, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the House is engaged in voting past ballot.^[42]

Other functions [edit]

The speaker'southward role in the Us Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In add-on to being the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and representing their congressional district, the speaker too performs diverse other administrative and procedural functions, such as:

• Oversees the officers of the Firm: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the chief administrative officer, and the chaplain;
• Serves as the chairperson of the House Office Building Committee;^[43]
• Appoints the House's parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector general;^[45]
• Administers the House sound and video broadcasting organization
• In consultation with the minority leader, can devise a system of drug testing in the House.^[43] This selection has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, government agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, along with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.S. president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, or is able to resume them, under Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-5th Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, immediately later on the vice president and before the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed by members of the president'south Cabinet). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, and then the speaker would become acting president, after resigning from the House and every bit speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the Twenty-fifth Subpoena in 1967, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet fellow member to serve every bit acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.^[48] However, only a few years afterward it went into effect, in October 1973, at the acme of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected departure and the land of Richard Nixon's presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was suddenly offset in line to go acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in every bit vice president on December 6, 1973.^[49] Albert was also next in line from the fourth dimension Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, following Nixon'southward resignation from office, until Ford's pick to succeed him as vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress four months later.^[48]

Meet also [edit]

• Political party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
• Party leaders of the United States Senate

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.firm.gov. Usa Business firm of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (August 5, 2005). "Continuity of Authorities: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–iv. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan fourteen, 2021. Retrieved Jan 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (January 4, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). The Speaker of the House: House Officer, Party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Enquiry Service. p. ii. Archived (PDF) from the original on January fourteen, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. In fact, in that location is no requirement that the Speaker exist a Member of the Firm.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (January iii, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on Jan xiv, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Commodity I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard S. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Written report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on January fourteen, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner exit: Anyone tin can run for House speaker, even you lot". The Christian Scientific discipline Monitor. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
9. ^ Schudel, Matt (September 27, 2014). "James A. Traficant Jr., colorful Ohio congressman expelled by House, dies at 73". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
10. ^ "Fathers/Deans of the House". history.house.gov. United States Business firm of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January xi, 2019.
11. ^ "Election of the Speaker Overview". constitution.laws.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
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13. ^ Peart, Daniel (2021). "Rethinking the Role of the Speaker: Power, Institutional Evolution, and the Myth of the "Impartial Moderator" in the Early Usa House of Representatives". Journal of Policy History. 33 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1017/S0898030620000226. ISSN 0898-0306. S2CID 231694119. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved March eleven, 2021.
14. ^ C. Stewart Iii, "Architect or tactician? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the United states of america Business firm of Representatives" 1998, online Archived January 14, 2021, at the Wayback Automobile
15. ^ "Henry Dirt (1825–1829)". U.S. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, October 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (Dec 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules". U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (August 1968). "Joseph One thousand. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. 30 (3): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
19. ^ "Sam Rayburn Business firm Museum". Texas Historical Committee. Archived from the original on July i, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
20. ^ See Political party Divisions of Us Congresses
21. ^ Condon, Stephanie (August 6, 2010). "GOP to Launch "Fire Pelosi" Double-decker Tour". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sanchez, Ray (November three, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi: House Speaker'due south Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved December vi, 2011.
23. ^ Cohen, Micah (January 4, 2013). "Were the One thousand.O.P. Votes Against Boehner a Historic Rejection?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved March ane, 2019.
24. ^ Walsh, Deirdre (January vi, 2015). "Boehner Overcomes Large Opposition to Remain Speaker". CNN. Archived from the original on Jan 29, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
25. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre; Allen, Cooper (September 25, 2015). "Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved February four, 2019.
26. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (January 3, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi regains the House speaker's gavel as Democrats confront Trump over partial shutdown". The Denver Mail service. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
27. ^ Bush, George Westward. (January 23, 2007). "President Bush Delivers Country of the Spousal relationship Address". The White House. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved Baronial 26, 2007.
28. ^ Allan Nevins. Ordeal of the Spousal relationship, Volume II: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (New York, 1947), 413–415.
29. ^ Allan Nevins. The Emergence of Lincoln, Book Two: Prologue to Ceremonious State of war, 1859–1861 (New York, 1950), 116–123.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer live.
• Green, Matthew Due north. The Speaker of the House: A Report of Leadership (Yale Academy Printing; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives; focuses on the menses since 1940.
• Grossman, Marker. Speakers of the House of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Gray Firm Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the subject, roofing, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (November 26, 2018). "Speakers of the Business firm: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Inquiry Service. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
• Remini, Robert V. The Firm: the History of the House of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).
• Smock, Raymond W., and Susan Due west. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Ii Centuries (1998). Brusk biographies of fundamental leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian E. ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history by 40 scholars.

External links [edit]

• "Capitol Questions." C-Span (2003). Notable elections and role.
• The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Irresolute Nature of the Speakership. (2003). Firm Document 108–204. History, nature and part of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly'south Guide to Congress, 5th ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Regime. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Vice President Kamala Harris	2nd in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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